Nakano described five "collaboration operations": Submit, Compare, Update, Merge, and Publish.^[9]

The State government of Victoria (Australia) produced a flowchart with a diagrammatic view of the web content lifecycle with five stages: Develop, Quality Approval, Publish, Unpublish, and Archive. Some of the stages include sub-stages (for example, Archive consists of Storage, Archived, and Disposed) intended to further delineate content status. In addition, this model depicts three aspects—Status, Process, and Roles—as part of the flow for web content. The four roles in this model are content author, content quality manager, business quality manager, and records manager.^[10]

The AIIM speaks of managing content “to achieve business goals”.^[11] AIIM ECM 101 Poster from 2003, and the AIIM Solving the ECM Puzzle Poster from 2005, present the same five stages: Capture, Manage, Store, Deliver, Preserve.^[12]